5 common cancer misconceptions debunked

Cancer is one of the most challenging health issues of our time, affecting the lives of millions of people worldwide. As our understanding of this complex disease improves, it is important to address common misconceptions that can affect prevention, treatment, and patient care. Let’s debunk five common cancer misconceptions by providing factual and up-to-date information to help navigate today’s cancer landscape.

Misconception #1: Cancer is a single disease with a one-size-fits-all treatment

Reality: Cancer isn't just one simple disease. It is a multitude of related diseases requiring personal treatment and approaches for each one.

According to the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Cancer Progress Report 2024, “During the course of cancer development, abnormal or damaged cells acquire characteristics that distinguish cancer cells from normal cells."

This diversity extends to the molecular level: cancer cells can have multiple genetic alterations, which can vary even within the same type of cancer. This complexity means personalized treatment is needed.

The need for specialized, individualized care is evident across all cancer types. AccessHope’s study on pancreatic cancer cases, for example, showed that in 94% of cases reviewed, subspecialists made recommendations that would have improved outcomes, reinforcing that tailored care is crucial. 

Misconception #2: Cancer is always hereditary

Reality: While some cancers may have a genetic component, most are not hereditary. Environmental factors and lifestyle choices also play an important role in cancer development. In fact, according to the AACR report, “In the United States, 40% of all cancers are associated with modifiable risk factors, which necessitates a robust emphasis on and support for public health-focused research."¹

This suggests that many cancers may be prevented through lifestyle changes and environmental interventions. The report further breaks down these modifiable risks: "Nearly 20 percent of US cancer diagnoses are related to excess body weight, unhealthy dietary patterns, alcohol intake, and physical inactivity.”¹

Furthermore, the report shows that tobacco use accounts for 19% of all cancer cases in the U.S.

Other recent studies have shown how our daily habits can affect cancer risk. For example, a recent review of cancer trends shows that together with the risk factors above, infectious agents and sun exposure represent the most common causes of cancer in the U.S.²

Although genetics may play a role in some cancers, these findings highlight the important influence of lifestyle and environmental factors on cancer risk. By focusing on these modifiable risk factors, private and public health interventions can reduce cancer incidence and mortality.

Misconception #3: There's nothing you can do to prevent cancer

Reality: While some risk factors are beyond our control, many lifestyle choices can reduce cancer risk.

As mentioned above, 40% of all cancers are associated with modifiable risk factors, so there is an increasing emphasis on cancer prevention. In addition to the lifestyle changes above, another beneficial intervention is vaccination. Because we know certain infectious agents, such as the human papillomavirus (HPV), can cause cancer, vaccination against HPV, for example, can nearly eliminate the risk of cervical cancer, vulvar cancers, and penile or anus cancers caused by HPV."¹

Environmental exposure also matters. Sun exposure is the leading cause of skin cancer,² and exposure to certain chemicals in the environment, such as through air pollution or use of industrial chemicals in a workplace, can also increase the risk for certain types of cancer.¹

While some environmental exposures may be unavoidable, individuals can take steps to minimize their risk, such as wearing protective clothing, using sunscreen when outside, and avoiding artificial UV light exposure (e.g., tanning beds).

Misconception #4: Cancer is always painful

Reality: Pain is not always a sign of cancer, especially in the early stages.

The AACR report highlights the importance of early detection: “Developing new and effective tests for the early detection of more cancer types could also help address the challenge of variable progress between types of cancer because the likelihood of a cure is much higher when cancer is diagnosed at an early stage.”¹

This highlights an important point: many early cancers do not cause pain or other symptoms. Relying on pain as a symptom of cancer can mean delayed diagnosis and treatment.

Fortunately, recent advances in cancer detection are changing the game when it comes to detecting cancer in its early stages. For example, artificial intelligence is transforming cancer detection, especially in colorectal cancer, with tools like SKOUT to enhance the accuracy of polyp detection during colonoscopies. There has also been recent regulatory approval to enable individuals to self-collect specimens for cervical cancer screening in some settings, which may facilitate personal comfort as well as improve adherence to screening recommendations.

Misconception #5: Alternative therapies can cure cancer without standard medical treatment

Reality: While complementary therapies can have a role in alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life, they should not replace evidence-based medicine.

Cancer research is growing and with that comes rapid advancements in cancer treatment as well. The AACR report shares that "among the major advances made across the clinical cancer care continuum from July 1, 2023, to June 30, 2024, 15 new anticancer therapeutics were approved for use by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). During this period, the FDA also approved new uses for 15 previously approved anticancer therapeutics.” ¹

These are big advancements in evidence-based cancer treatment. For example, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are showing great promise in various cancer types, including breast and ovarian cancer. These science-backed advancements offer real hope for cancer patients.

Given the complexity of cancer treatment, it's crucial to have access to expert opinions. Services that connect patients with specialist cancer specialists can help individuals access the most innovative evidence-based care.

AccessHope is changing the way leading-edge cancer expertise is delivered and continually finding ways to extend our reach to our clients and members.

Check out myaccesshope.org/news for more information. Be sure to subscribe to our newsletter and receive updates!